# ADENOSINE (adenosine) — Global Cosmetic Regulatory & Formulation Monograph

- **Canonical URL**: https://www.inciname.com/en/ingredients/adenosine
- **Standard INCI**: `ADENOSINE`
- **KR MFDS Standard Name**: `아데노신`
- **CAS No.**: `58-61-7`
- **EC / EINECS No.**: `200-389-9`
- **Origin**: `synthetic`
- **Functions**: 피부컨디셔닝제
- **Molecular Formula / MW**: `—` (— g/mol)

## 1. 7-Track Official Regulatory Label Names
| Track | Official Label Nomenclature |
| :--- | :--- |
| KR (MFDS Standard) | 아데노신 |
| KR (Former Names) | — |
| EU (CosIng 1223/2009) | ADENOSINE |
| US (PCPC / MoCRA INCI) | ADENOSINE |
| US (FDA OTC Monograph) | — |
| CN (NMPA IECIC) | 腺苷 |
| JP (JCIA / MHLW QD) | アデノシン (QD: アデノシン) |

## 2. Layer 1 — Global 6-Region Statutory Summary
- **KR (MFDS)**: `noted`
- **EU (1223/2009)**: `none`
- **US (FDA/MoCRA)**: `none`
- **CN (NMPA IECIC)**: `allowed` (Entry: `6970`)
- **JP (MHLW)**: `allowed`
- **ASEAN (ACD)**: `none`

- **KR** [noted]: 0.04~0.04% — MFDS Functional Cosmetics Notice Annex 4: 0.04% for anti-wrinkle claim. (기능성화장품 심사에 관한 규정 [별표4])
- **JP** [allowed]: — —  (化粧品に配合可能な医薬品の成分について(薬食審査発第0524001号) 별첨 「承認化粧品成分の範囲」)

## 3. Layer 2 — Toxicological & Historical Safe Use Concentrations
- **cn_iecic_max** (leave_on): ≤ 1% — NMPA IECIC (2025) Entry 07241 (2025)
- **cn_iecic_max** (rinse_off): ≤ 0.5% — NMPA IECIC (2025) Entry 07241 (2025)

## 4. Layer 3 — Formulation Quartiles & Compatibility
- **Optimal pH Window**: 4.5 – 7.5
- **Max Process Temp**: ≤ 70°C
- **Synergy Pairings**: —
- **Incompatibilities**: —

## 5. Academic Monograph
Adenosine is a key bioactive molecule that promotes cellular energy production and restores antioxidant enzyme activity.
In skin, it stimulates lipogenesis through the A1 receptor in the hypodermis, promotes collagen production through the A2A receptor in the dermis, and increases new DNA and protein synthesis in dermal cells.
In wound healing, activation of A2A and A2B adenosine receptors induces anti-inflammatory responses, stimulates granulation tissue formation and angiogenesis, and promotes collagen matrix formation.
Clinical studies showed that adenosine-containing formulations reduced wrinkles, improved hyperpigmentation, enhanced hydration and skin barrier function, and promoted epidermal turnover.
Adenosine receptor activation mitigates mitochondrial damage, suppresses cellular senescence, reduces melanin levels in UV-irradiated skin, and preserves collagen and elastin structures.
It possesses potential therapeutic effects in treating chronic impaired wound healing including diabetic foot ulcers.
In inflammatory diseases, A3 adenosine receptor activation exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and inducing apoptosis of inflammatory cells.

## 6. Linked PubMed Literature
- [PMID: 26847815] Signaling pathways involving adenosine A2A and A2B receptors in wound healing and fibrosis — *Purinergic Signal* (2016)
- [PMID: 19041853] Adenosine receptor agonists for promotion of dermal wound healing — *Biochem Pharmacol* (2009)
- [PMID: 35979986] The possible role of the nucleoside adenosine in countering skin aging: A review — *Biofactors* (2022)
- [PMID: 19639289] Adenosine receptors in wound healing, fibrosis and angiogenesis — *Handb Exp Pharmacol* (2009)
- [PMID: 42278371] Translational Evaluation of a Disodium Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP2Na)-Based Topical Formulation for Physiology-Aligned Skin Rejuvenation: Integrated In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and Clinical Evidence — *Int J Mol Sci* (2026)
- [PMID: 26886128] The A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR): therapeutic target and predictive biological marker in rheumatoid arthritis — *Clin Rheumatol* (2016)
- [PMID: 28529484] Targeting Adenosine Receptors for the Treatment of Cardiac Fibrosis — *Front Pharmacol* (2017)
- [PMID: 11511333] Adenosine stimulates fibronectin expression in human dermal fibroblasts and skin — *Journal of Investigative Dermatology* (2001)
- [PMID: 26178186] Anti-wrinkle efficacy of adenosine-containing cream — *Skin Research and Technology* (2016)
- [PMID: ] PubChem Compound Summary: Adenosine — *PubChem Compound Database* (2026)
- [PMID: 42303203] Activation of the olfactory receptors OR7D2 and OR10A4 by natural odorants modulates inflammatory responses in human keratinocytes. — *Chem Biol Interact* (2026)
- [PMID: 42300456] Synergistic polyphosphate-gallic acid system heals infected skin defects by remodeling the immune microenvironment and restoring bioenergetics. — *J Mater Chem B* (2026)
- [PMID: 42299173] Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) in Post-procedure Recovery in Aesthetic Medicine: A Narrative Review — *Cureus* (2026)
- [PMID: 42274453] Microdialysis-based metabolomic and proteomic profiling reveals signature variations for disease severity in psoriasis — *J Invest Dermatol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42244287] Antibacterial activity and mechanism of the antiparasitic drug resorantel against Staphylococcus epidermidis — *Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban* (2026)
- [PMID: 42205054] Nitrogen Mustard Disrupts Bioenergetics and Activates Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death Pathways in Human Keratinocytes — *Chem Res Toxicol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42199415] The immune landscape of melanoma microenvironmental crosstalk — *Front Immunol* (2026)
- [PMID: 42190867] Hmga2-dependent cAMP signaling drives UVB-induced melanocyte stem cell activation — *J Invest Dermatol* (2026)