BHT

Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing oxidative damage and are therefore integral to various sectors, including healthcare, food preservation, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Their capacity to enhance overall health and improve the quality and shelf life of products in these domains underscores their significance. Two powerful antioxidant dendrimers were synthesized using D-mannitol as the core and syringaldehyde as the antioxidant-producing phenolic unit. The generation 1 (G1) dendrimer features 12 syringic units on its surface, while the generation 2 (G2) dendrimer has 24. Antioxidant capacities were assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the β-carotene bleaching assays. Based on IC50 values, the G2 (0.7 μM) and G1 (1.36 μM) dendrimers show 371- and 191-fold higher antioxidant activity, respectively, compared to the starting compound, syringaldehyde (260 μM). They are also 1251- and 647-times more effective than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (880 μM). Overall, G2 is twice as potent as G1. The dendrimers also provide strong protection against β-carotene bleaching. At concentrations between 3.75 and 60 μM, G2 preserves 75% to 88% of β-carotene after 16 h at 45 °C, while G1 maintains 51% to 84%. In comparison, syringaldehyde and BHT provide significantly less protection, with ranges of 21% to 47% and 22% to 36%, respectively. Their greatly enhanced antioxidant capabilities are due to the numerous free-radical-scavenging sites created by phenolic hydroxyl groups, which have electron-donating groups at the ortho and para positions. In cell viability assays using macrophages, G1 caused a decrease in cell viability at ≥31 µM. Conversely, G2 exhibited a gradual reduction in cell viability across the concentration range of 0.1 µM to 111 µM, with viability declining from 11.1% to 96.3%, indicating that the larger G2 is more cytotoxic than the smaller G1.

Antioxidants are vital in skincare for neutralizing reactive oxygen species (ROS), which impact key cellular structures, such as cell nuclei and elastic fibres and can contribute to skin ageing. Oxidative stress, compounded by processes such as glycation, therefore leads to impaired cellular renewal and reduced skin elasticity. The effectiveness of antioxidants depends on their concentrations, making it essential to investigate their dosage-related benefits to optimize skincare formulations. This raises an important question regarding the reciprocal effects of antioxidants on glycation and whether their protective effects against macromolecular damage are dose-dependent. This study evaluated the antioxidant and anti-glycation effects of three concentrations of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), vitamin E and vitamin C. Using the established quantitative assays and immunofluorescence, total antioxidant capacities, the intracellular ROS production, glycation levels and expression of cellular biomarkers were measured in dermal fibroblasts and three-dimensional skin models cultured with methylglyoxal (MGO). All three antioxidants showed a significant ability to inhibit the formation of intracellular ROS and glycation products induced by MGO. Notably, there were differences in the concentrations required to defend against glycation-induced damage. Whilst the linear dose responses were observed for ROS and glycation inhibition, the protective effect against cellular damage was moderate. The inverse dose-response relationships, particularly in terms of collagen fibre preservation, suggested that higher total antioxidant capacity could have enhanced protective effects. Vitamin C, in particular, exhibited the most pronounced benefits at lower concentrations, suggesting its potential as a key player in combating glycation damage. The potentially novel aspect of this research lies in the synergistic relationship between the modulation of oxidative stress and glycation. This relationship significantly depends on the concentration of the molecules involved and their antioxidant properties. These findings may lead to more refined approaches in formulating active ingredients tailored to individual needs in personalized skincare. Les antioxydants sont essentiels dans les soins de la peau pour neutraliser les dérivés réactifs de l'oxygène (DRO) qui affectent les structures cellulaires clés, telles que le noyau cellulaire et les fibres élastiques, et peuvent contribuer au vieillissement cutané. Le stress oxydatif, aggravé par des processus tels que la glycation, entraîne donc une altération du renouvellement cellulaire et une diminution de l'élasticité de la peau. L'efficacité des antioxydants dépend de leur concentration, d'où la nécessité d'étudier leurs bienfaits en fonction de leur dosage afin d'optimiser les formulations des soins de la peau. Cela soulève une question importante concernant les effets réciproques des antioxydants sur la glycation et leur effet protecteur contre les dommages macromoléculaires, qui pourrait être lié à la dose. MÉTHODES: Cette étude a évalué les effets antioxydants et antiglycation de trois concentrations d’hydroxytoluène butylé (HTB), de vitamine E et de vitamine C. À l'aide des dosages quantitatifs établis et de l'immunofluorescence, les capacités antioxydantes totales, la production intracellulaire de DRO, les taux de glycation et l’expression des biomarqueurs cellulaires ont été mesurés dans des fibroblastes dermiques et des modèles cutanés 3D cultivés avec le méthylglyoxal (MGO). RÉSULTATS: Les trois antioxydants ont démontré une capacité significative à inhiber la formation de DRO intracellulaires et de produits de glycation induits par le MGO. Des différences ont not

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are commonly used in food, cosmetics, and other products for their antioxidant properties and stability. However, increasing evidence links excessive SPA use to adverse effects, including developmental issues in animals. Given the widespread use of SPAs in cosmetics, there is a growing need to assess their potential health risks, particularly whether safe to be used during pregnancy. This study investigates the early developmental toxicity of SPAs using a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) monolayer differentiation model. Results show that SPAs and butylated hydroxytoluene transformation products (BHT-TPs) up-regulated neural ectoderm and neural crest genes while down-regulated surface ectoderm and primitive streak genes during differentiation. Furthermore, in a skin-specific differentiation model, SPAs and BHT-TPs disrupted keratinocyte differentiation, inhibiting the differentiation of keratinocyte progenitors into more mature keratinocytes. They also led to the up-regulation of genes associated with psoriasis, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and chemokines, suggesting the potential of SPAs to act as skin sensitizers. These findings suggest that SPAs may affect early embryonic development at an early germ layer specification stage, as well as during skin development, potentially increasing skin sensitivity. Thus, excessive SPA use in cosmetics could pose risks to fetal development and adult skin health.

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the renewal of the feed additive consisting of canthaxanthin (Carophyll® Red 10%) for breeder hens and to modify the additive specifications by substituting ethoxyquin by 4.4% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and increasing the limit for dichloromethane to 80 mg/kg. The additive complies with the conditions of the authorisation. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) notes that the proposed modifications for the additive are considered to be of no concern. The Panel concluded that CAROPHYLL®Red 10% remains safe for the target species and the consumer under the current authorised conditions of use for CAROPHYLL® Red 10%. The Panel noted that the current maximum residue limits (MRLs) set in the different authorisations for canthaxanthin may not be protective enough for the consumer when considering combined exposure by all possible routes. CAROPHYLL® Red 10% should be considered to be irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract and to be a skin sensitiser; any exposure is considered a risk. In the absence of data, the Panel could not conclude whether the additive CAROPHYLL® Red 10% remains safe for the environment under the current conditions of the authorisation. There is no need for assessing the efficacy of the additive in the context of the renewal of the authorisation.

Body hair transplantation (BHT) is a viable option for patients with limited scalp donor reserves. Common BHT donor sites include the beard, chest, and limbs, while the clinical utility of the suprapubic region remains incompletely characterized. We describe a patient who underwent a two-stage BHT procedure, using chest donor hair in the first stage and suprapubic donor hair in the second stage. Crown hair coverage increased from 67.9% at baseline to 84.6% following BHT and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy. This case report contributes semi-quantitative data on an underreported BHT donor site and highlights the need for standardized patient selection criteria and comprehensive follow-up.

Camellia oleifera seed oil (COSO) is highly susceptible to thermo-oxidative degradation due to its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, leading to nutrient loss and carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) formation. In this study, we employed a multimodal approach (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR; electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR; oxidation kinetics, α-tocopherol and BaP monitoring) to systematically compare four antioxidants (PG, TBHQ, BHT, VE) at industrially relevant concentrations. Results showed that TBHQ (0.2 g/kg) and PG (0.1 g/kg) optimally preserved α-tocopherols (6.70/4.58 mg/kg) and minimized BaP (1.40/1.46 μg/kg) during 15-day oxidation. FTIR revealed preferential stabilization of CH, cis-C=C, and CO bonds, while EPR confirmed superoxide radical (•O₂ - ) quenching via HAT/SET mechanisms. Kinetic analysis indicated higher activation energies for TBHQ (126.60 kJ/mol) and PG (92.63 kJ/mol), confirming enhanced stability. Mechanistically, TBHQ and PG function via phenolic hydroxyl H-transfer and quinonoid transformation. PG is a low-toxicity alternative to TBHQ for COSO stabilization.

Medicinal plants constitute a valuable natural resource of bioactive phytochemicals, which are increasingly studied for their therapeutic potential and broad applications in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, and cosmetic fields. Rheum officinale , a medicinal rhubarb species, is appreciated for the presence of biologically active compounds with therapeutic relevance. This work analyses the chemical composition, including the phytochemical profile, and pharmacological activities of Rheum officinale Baill. stems in Algeria. The plant extract was analyzed for its notable antioxidant capacity using various assays, including DPPH, ABTS, β-carotene bleaching, ferric and also cupric reducing power, and metal chelation. The inhibitory potential against cholinesterase and α-amylase was assessed through specific enzymatic assays. LC-ESI-MS/MS assessment highlighted the phytochemical profile within the extract, with quinic acid identified as the major component. Antimicrobial potential against P . aeruginosa, S . aureus, E . coli, E. faecalis, and C . albicans was confirmed via agar diffusion and inhibition zone (C) tests. The extract demonstrated potent antioxidant activity, with radical scavenging IC 50 values less potent than reference antioxidants such as BHT and α-tocopherol (IC 50 = 0.42 ± 1.43 μg/mL). Total phenol and flavonoid content were quantified using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl 3 methods, yielding high values (373.10 ± 0.055 mg GAE/g and 38.012 ± 0.05 mg QE/g, respectively). Enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated significant activity against key enzymes related to Alzheimer's disease (IC 50 : 28.14 ± 2.22; 73.71 ± 1.48 μg/m) and diabetes (IC 50 : 36.21 ± 0.56 μg/m). The extract also exhibited antimicrobial effects. Given its bioactive potential, Rheum officinale presents promising opportunities for therapeutic product development, supporting the pharmaceutical industry.

Conventional synthetic skin for intelligent soft robotics typically relies on thermally or UV-initiated polymerization, making initiator-free rapid gelation a persistent challenge. Here, a supramolecular Lewis acid-base gelation strategy that enables facile, initiator- and crosslinker-free synthesis of polyzwitterionic gels is presented. Strong hydrogen bonding between urea (hydrogen bond donor, HBD) and the zwitterionic moieties of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC; polymerizable zwitterionic hydrogen bond acceptor, PZHBA) drives spontaneous polymerization, establishing a general platform for zwitterionic gelation in deep eutectic solvents (DESs), such as choline chloride (ChCl) and urea. Inspired by the structural and ionic complexity of human skin, zwitterionic supramolecular eutectogel (ZSE) is designed via copolymerization of N-acryloyl glycinamide (NAGA) and MPC in DES, yielding a bioinspired ion-hydrogen bond dynamic network. These gels exhibit tunable mechanical properties, including an ultralow Young's modulus (5-180 kPa), and exceptionally high ionic conductivity (2 S·m -1 ), which arises from the solvation of zwitterionic groups. The dynamic supramolecular network also imparts recyclability and intrinsic self-adhesion. ZSEs can be continuously spun into highly sensitive strain sensors with environmental robustness for integration into textiles. Additionally, bio-optimized gel patches demonstrate excellent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. This work offers a sustainable and versatile synthetic platform for next-generation soft iontronics and bioinspired human-machine interfaces.

ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention due to their remarkable multifunctionality, particularly in biomedical and environmental applications. The study synthesized ZnO NPs using Citrus reticulata Blanco peel extracts. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of ZnO NPs have been analyzed. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of ZnO NPs was assessed using disk diffusion and DPPH scavenging method, respectively. Molecular docking was further conducted to support our experiments. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of biosynthesized ZnO NPs was tested using methylene blue (MB) dye. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results indicate that NPs possess a hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure. The crystallite size of the NPs was 30.12 nm. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) analysis revealed quasi-spherical and rod-shaped ZnO NPs. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) showed that Zn and O were 86.59% and 13.41% of the total weight, respectively. Optical analysis revealed that the absorption edge was at 373 nm and the band gap was 3.09 eV for ZnO NPs. Moreover, the maximum zone of inhibition was measured at 16.17 ± 0.72 mm, 10.5 ± 0.28 mm, 16.17 ± 0.44 mm, and 12.17 ± 0.44 mm against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri , respectively. Compared with BHT, ZnO NPs showed promising antioxidant performance with an IC 50 value of 149.01 µg/mL. The photocatalytic efficiency of the ZnO NPs was 6.8%, 8.42%, and 10% after 30, 60, and 90 minutes, respectively. Hesperidin, naringin, rutin, and tangeritin, the principal constituents of C. reticulata peel, also showed higher and promising binding affinities against the receptors, with remarkable results compared to the standard in molecular docking analysis. The ADMET analysis also demonstrated that ZnO NPs exhibited low probabilities of hepatotoxicity (3%), nephrotoxicity (20%), and respiratory toxicity (20%), with moderate neurotoxicity (52%). In summary, this study revealed morpho-structural features of green synthesized ZnO NPs and their photodegradation efficiency and bioactivity.

Leprosy, caused by Mycobacterium leprae , is a chronic infectious disease primarily affecting the skin and nervous system. The vestibulocochlear nerve may also be impacted, potentially leading to auditory dysfunction. This study investigates the effects of leprosy on the vestibulocochlear nerve and its impact on auditory function through a comprehensive audiological evaluation. A total of 15 leprosy patients and 15 healthy individuals were included. Audiological assessments were conducted at a tertiary care hospital. All participants underwent pure-tone audiometry, speech audiometry, tympanometry, acoustic reflex testing, otoacoustic emissions (OAE), and brainstem auditory evoked response (BERA) tests. Hearing thresholds, wave latencies, and neural conduction were analyzed. Hearing thresholds were significantly higher in leprosy patients than in the control group. BERA results showed a significant prolongation of wave I and wave III latencies in leprosy patients, indicating dysfunction at the level of the acoustic nerve and superior olivary complex. Leprosy may contribute to auditory dysfunction by affecting the myelin sheath of the peripheral and central nervous systems. These findings provide insight into the impact of leprosy on the vestibulocochlear nerve and emphasize the importance of audiological evaluation in leprosy patients.

This study investigates the chemical composition and biological properties of the hydromethanolic extract (HME) and essential oil (EO) derived from Inula viscosa L. roots. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of hesperidin (29.05%), naringenin (10.55%), kaempferide (1.08%), and tangeretin (0.36%) in HME. GC-FID and GC-MS analysis of EO indicated that the predominant compounds were β-acorenol (11.36%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester (9.83%). The HME contained a significant amount of polyphenols (34.58 mg GAE g -1 extract). All extracts exhibited high antioxidant activity, outperforming standard antioxidants such as BHT and vitamins E and C. Furthermore, the extracts demonstrated moderate antimicrobial and high cytotoxic activity against selected microbial strains and Artemia salina, respectively, as well as potent antalgic effects comparable to paracetamol (88.35%). The findings highlight the value of I. viscosa roots as a natural resource for a variety of industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. Its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties make it an appealing candidate for use as a natural preservative.

This study evaluates the microencapsulation of peanut skin phenolic compounds by spray drying, assessing their physicochemical properties and storage stability and the protective effect against oxidative deterioration in walnut kernels. Extraction yield, total phenolic content, and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis were performed on peanut skin crude extract (PCE). Microencapsulation of PCE with 10%, 20%, and 30% maltodextrin via spray drying was conducted. The drying yield, phenolic encapsulation efficiency, moisture content, morphology, particle size, and stability during dry storage (23°C) and in water (23 and 100°C) were assessed for the microcapsules. PCE contained 950.29 mg GAE/g of total polyphenolic compounds, primarily hydroxycinnamic acid-derived phenolic acids and procyanidins. Microcapsules with 20% maltodextrin exhibited the best properties (drying yield, encapsulation efficiency, and stability). These microcapsules were incorporated into an edible chickpea-based coating, which was applied to walnuts and stored at 40°C for 15 days. Peroxide value, conjugated dienes, volatile compounds, and fatty acid profile were analyzed on samples from storage. The chickpea-based coating combined with PCE microcapsules effectively preserves walnut quality during storage, offering a viable and natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants such as BHT, addressing current concerns in food preservation. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Peanut skins are a byproduct of the peanut industry with low commercial value. These skins are rich in polyphenols, which exhibit potent antioxidant activity. This study investigates the microencapsulation of polyphenolic peanut extract and its incorporation into a chickpea-based edible coating. The prepared coating demonstrated a remarkable protective effect against lipid oxidation in walnuts, extending their shelf life. These findings present a sustainable strategy that adds value to agro-industrial residues and aligns with circular economy principles. This innovation offers a natural and effective solution to enhance the stability and quality of lipid-rich foods.