PROPANEDIOL

Despite regulatory bans on hazardous substances such as hydroquinone, glucocorticoids, and retinoids, these compounds are still detected in cosmetic products, underscoring the need for reliable analytical methods. This study evaluated four sample preparation approaches for detecting banned ingredients: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), "Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe" (QuEChERS), solid-phase extraction (SPE), and natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs). High-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) revealed low recoveries for QuEChERS and SPE. In contrast, NaDESs prepared with choline chloride (ChCl) or betaine as hydrogen bond acceptors (HBAs) and 1,3-propanediol as a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) achieved significantly higher recoveries. In particular the ChCl-1,3-propanediol NaDES (1:4 M ratio) provided recoveries of 83.96-105.45%. UAE using methanol yielded comparable recoveries (91.29-106.81%), but the NaDES approach was more environmentally sustainable due to reduced organic solvent use. Method validation following International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines confirmed acceptable sensitivity (limit of detection: 0.27-1.59 μg/mL; limit of quantification: 0.81-4.81 μg/mL), recovery, linearity, precision, and accuracy. Target analytes were further verified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying green solvents in cosmetic analysis and highlight a sustainable, effective method for detecting banned skin-whitening agents.

BACKGROUND: 1,3-Propanediol (PDO) is a high value-added product with significant potential for application and development in various industries including textiles, cosmetics, food, and chemicals. Microbial fermentation for 1,3-PDO production has advantage over chemical synthesis in response to environmental and energy challenges. In view of the complexity and benefits of biometabolic synthesis, there is a necessity to enhance the yield of 1,3-PDO to glycerol by means of co-substrates, whilst concomitantly reducing the cost of production. RESULTS: In this study, the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of 1,3-PDO synthesis by Clostridium butyricum DL07 were improved through elucidating the regulatory mechanism of glucose-glycerol cometabolism and optimizing the ratio of co-substrates. Among the screened co-substrates, glucose emerged as the optimal choice for enhancing the yield and concentration of 1,3-PDO synthesized from glycerol. If the molar ratio of glucose to glycerol was 0.51 mol/mol, the 1,3-PDO yield reached 0.90 mol/mol in the co-substrate fermentation. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the dha operon expression was affected by glucose on inhibition of GDH (dhaD) and phasically upregulation of PDOR activity (dhaT). Stoichiometric analysis combined with further optimization of the different feeding strategies increased the 1,3-PDO yield to the highest level of fed-batch fermentation (0.86 mol/mol) reported to date for natural strains. The material cost analysis demonstrated that the co-substrate strategy reduced raw material cost by 13–20%. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents an investigation into the synthesis of 1,3-PDO through cometabolism in C. butyricum DL07. The research elucidates the synergistic impact of co-substrate ratios and temporal regulation on the synthesis of 1,3-PDO. Moreover, it offers a theoretical basis and a practical approach for achieving cost-effective and efficient industrial production.

This study investigates the impact of hydrophobic Natural Eutectic Solvents (NES) on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of cosmetic creams. The aim is to assess their potential as innovative, sustainable ingredients introduced directly into the oily phase of an oil-in-water emulsion prior to emulsification. Four NES formulations, composed of natural components such as caprylic acid, lauric acid, menthol and 1,3-propanediol were incorporated at 10% wt. into a COSMOS-compliant cream chassis. The resulting creams were evaluated for physical stability using static multiple light scattering (Turbiscan®), rheological behaviour via shear and oscillatory tests, and sensory attributes through a trained panel. Among the four NES-containing creams, three formulations demonstrated satisfactory physical stability over 30 days under accelerated ageing conditions. Menthol-based NES induced phase separation, correlating with increased droplet size and higher Turbiscan Stability Index values. All creams exhibited shear-thinning behaviour, with viscosity profiles and yield stress varying depending on NES composition. Sensory analysis revealed that NES significantly influenced key attributes such as odour intensity, spreading, pick-up and firmness. Hydrophobic NES can be successfully integrated into the internal phase of cosmetic creams, influencing both their structural and sensory properties. These findings highlight their potential as multifunctional and eco-friendly ingredients in cosmetic formulation, supporting the development of more sustainable, more performant skincare products. Cette étude examine l‘impact des solvants eutectiques naturels (Natural Eutectic Solvents, NES) hydrophobes sur les caractéristiques physicochimiques et sensorielles des crèmes cosmétiques. L‘objectif est d‘évaluer leur potentiel en tant qu‘ingrédients innovants et durables introduits directement dans la phase huileuse d‘une émulsion huile dans l‘eau avant l‘émulsification. MÉTHODES: Quatre formulations de NES, constituées de composants naturels tels que l‘acide caprylique, l‘acide laurique, le menthol et le 1,3‐propanediol, ont été incorporées à 10 % en poids dans un châssis de crème conforme à COSMOS. La stabilité physique des crèmes résultantes a été évaluée à l‘aide d‘une diffusion statique de lumière multiple (Turbiscan®), le comportement rhéologique par des tests de cisaillement et d‘oscillation, et les attributs sensoriels par le biais d‘un comité d‘évaluation formé. RÉSULTATS: Parmi les quatre crèmes contenant des NES, trois formulations ont démontré une stabilité physique satisfaisante sur 30 jours dans des conditions de vieillissement accélérées. Les NES à base de menthol ont induit une séparation de phase, corrélée à une taille de gouttelettes accrue et à des valeurs plus élevées de l‘indice de stabilité de Turbiscan. Toutes les crèmes ont montré un comportement de rhéofluidification, avec des profils de viscosité et des contraintes de rendement variables en fonction de la composition en NES. L‘analyse sensorielle a révélé que les NES influençaient de manière significative des caractéristiques clés telles que l‘intensité des odeurs, la propagation, la récupération et la fermeté. Les NES hydrophobes peuvent être intégrés avec succès dans la phase interne des crèmes cosmétiques, influençant à la fois leurs propriétés structurelles et sensorielles. Ces résultats soulignent leur potentiel en tant qu‘ingrédients multifo

A diacylglycerol (DAG)-based microemulsion system was designed and optimized for efficient transdermal delivery. Pseudo-ternary phase diagrams and D-optimal mixture design identified the optimal formulation (6.23 % DAG oil, 21.41 % RH-40, 18.09 % 1,3-propanediol, and 54.27 % water), yielding a transparent and stable microemulsion with a droplet size of 24.43 nm and infinite dilution capacity. The amphiphilic structure of DAG expanded the one-phase microemulsion region and reduced surfactant demand. Physicochemical evaluations confirmed excellent stability under centrifugation, thermal stress, and long-term storage. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that DAG molecules stabilized droplets at the oil-water interface, whereas triacylglycerol clusters destabilized and dispersed, underscoring the structural advantage of DAG. These nanoscale behaviors translated into superior delivery performance: in vitro studies confirmed that DAG-based microemulsions enhanced the drug transdermal permeation by 2.50-fold and increased dermal retention nearly 3.0-fold compared with oil solutions. Confocal imaging further demonstrated intact droplet penetration across skin layers. This work highlight the amphiphilic advantage of DAG in stabilizing microemulsions and facilitating dermal delivery of lipophilic bioactives, offering a promising route for safe, effective, and surfactant-efficient delivery platforms.

Background : Olive pomace, a byproduct of olive oil production, represents approximately 85% of the processed material and poses environmental risks when improperly discarded. Its composition is rich in polyphenols with potential for cosmetic use, especially in skin barrier care. Objective : To develop a natural extract rich in antioxidants from olive pomace using sustainable solvents (water and 1,3-propanediol) for skin barrier support. Methods : The phenolic composition and in vitro biological activities of the extracts were analyzed. Results : The extracts demonstrated a reducing capacity (15 to 33 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid content (4 to 5 mg QE/g). In addition, their antioxidant capacity was proven through the inhibition of the DPPH radical (7% to 91%) and ABTS (7% to 95%) and the reduction in oxidation in the beta-carotene/linoleic acid system (6% to 35%), presenting results superior to those of tocopherol acetate. The hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein compounds, ranging from 28 to 54 and 51 to 85 µg/mL, respectively, were quantified via HPLC. The extract with the highest levels of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein was analyzed via UHPLC-QqTOF-MS, and 33 compounds were identified. This extract showed antiglycation activity (24% to 40%). The incorporation of this extract into a cosmetic emulsion resulted in sufficient antioxidant capacity to replace tocopherol acetate. Conclusions : The use of effective extraction techniques and nontoxic solvents ensures the sustainability and safety of the extract for application as a natural cosmetic ingredient, aiming to promote the health and integrity of the skin barrier.

Viola philippica (VP), a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used for its antibacterial and antioxidant properties, has recently garnered attention for its potential in skin photoprotection. VP was extracted using glycerol (GLY), 1,3-propanediol (PDO), and 1,3-butanediol (BDO) at concentrations of 30%, 60%, and 90% ( w / w ) to evaluate its antioxidant and UV-protective properties. The total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of the nine extracts ranged from 34.73 to 71.45 mg GAEs/g and from 26.68 to 46.68 mg REs/g, respectively, with the highest TPC observed in 90% PDO and the highest TFC in 60% GLY. Antioxidant assays revealed IC 50 values of 0.49-1.26 mg/mL (DPPH), 0.10-0.19 mg/mL (ABTS), and 1.58-460.95 mg/mL (OH). Notably, the 60% GLY, 30% PDO, and 90% PDO extracts demonstrated notable protective effects against UVB-induced cell damage, reducing intracellular ROS levels and preventing DNA damage. RNA-seq analysis revealed that the protective effects were associated with the modulation of key molecular pathways, including neutrophil extracellular trap formation and TNF, IL-17, and HIF-1 signaling. These findings suggest that Viola philippica polyol extracts, particularly those using 60% GLY, 30% PDO, and 90% PDO, have promising potential for skin photoprotection and could be utilized as natural antioxidants in cosmetic formulations.

Wounds are susceptible to persistent infections and chronic inflammation, which can significantly impeding the healing process.Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo(LR), a traditional Tibetan medicine, is known for its efficacy in treating injuries, contusions, and skin ulcers. Existing LR-related formulations such as capsules and patches are primarily used for pain relief and cannot provide an optimal environment for infected wounds, thereby limiting their healing potential. In this study, we successfully extracted an extract of LR and confirmed its strong antibacterial activity, supporting its use in infected wound management. A gel matrix was developed using carbomer 940 (CP940) as the base, along with glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, and other excipients. The LR was incorporated into this matrix to obtain Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo gel (LR Gel). Rheological experiments characterized the adhesion and mechanical strength of LR Gel, confirming that it possesses sufficient adhesive force and mechanical strength to tightly adhere to and protect the wound site. Animal experiments showed that LR Gel effectively modulates immune activity and significantly promotes healing in a rat model of infectious full-thickness skin defects. These findings indicate that the LR Gel can prevent wound infection and secondary damage, offering a safe and efficient treatment for infected wounds with promising clinical application.

Acne vulgaris is a prevalent inflammatory skin disorder influenced by sebaceous gland activity, hormonal regulation, and microbial proliferation. Dietary factors, including sweetening agents, may modulate acne pathophysiology, affecting sebum production, inflammatory responses, and the skin microbiome. This systematic review summarizes the effects of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on acne-related markers, with a focus on Cutibacterium acnes activity and associated inflammatory pathways. Non-nutritive sweeteners such as mannitol and xylitol show potential in regulating acne pathogenesis and exhibiting antibacterial activity against C. acnes. Strategic combinations of sweeteners with bioactive compounds, such as mannitol with bakuchiol or Ginkgo biloba extract, and xylitol with propanediol and caprylic acid, further enhance anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, offering a multifaceted approach to acne management. For nutritive sweeteners, experimental evidence suggests that glucose may enhance C. acnes biofilm susceptibility when combined with certain antibiotics. These findings emphasize the importance of careful selection and formulation of sweetening agents in dermatological interventions. Incorporating sweeteners, alone or in combination with bioactive compounds, could complement conventional acne therapies, reduce microbial proliferation, modulate inflammatory pathways, and support overall skin health. This review provides a scientific basis for dietary recommendations and the development of adjunctive acne treatments, highlighting sweetening agents as emerging functional modulators of acne pathogenesis.

Optimizing the extraction of natural products is an important step to obtain products rich in bioactive compounds with less energy use and costs. The aim of this study was to optimize the ultrasonic extraction process of poplar type propolis with natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) citric acid:1,2-propanediol 1:4 (CAPD 1:4). Based on preliminary experiments, the extraction parameters solvent to solid ratio, temperature, and time were found to have a strong positive effect on the extraction of phenolic compounds, and they were further optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) via the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Solvent to solid ratio of 30 mL/g, ultrasonication time of 39 min and temperature of 65 °C were determined as optimum conditions for the highest values of total phenolic content (TPC, 290.35 mg/g), total flavones and flavonols content (TFC, 89.48 mg/g) and radical scavenging activity (31.89%RSA). The optimized extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a high relative content of valuable propolis constituents was found such as pinocembrin, 3-acetylpinobanksin, chrysin, galangin and phenethyl caffeate (CAPE). The results provide knowledge about optimal conditions for the development of a greener extract of poplar type propolis rich in valuable bioactive compounds with potential application in cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.

Biopolymer-supported deep eutectic solvent (DES)-based gels, also known as eutectogels, have emerged as promising alternatives to hydrogels and ionic-liquid-based gels for multiple applications in stretchable electronics and sensors due to many key advantages including their high ionic conductivity, tensile toughness, easy handling, simple synthesis, low cost, biocompatibility, and ultralow volatility. Particularly, gelatin-supported 1,2-propanediol (PD)-based eutectogels containing water have shown promise due to their hydrogel-like properties. They have low modulus values and biofriendly components, making them "skin-like" materials. They are optically transparent, which makes them ideal as user-friendly visual devices. Incorporation of color-tunable micropatterned opal structures into these novel gelatin-supported eutectogels enables the preparation of user-friendly, mechanically resilient, and stimuli-responsive materials for many applications via a simple color change. In this work, we utilize a simple and robust evaporative deposition-stamping technique to prepare eutectogels containing opal micropatterns to overcome limitations in existing fabrication techniques such as photolithography and soft lithography that suffer from costly equipment, harsh radical polymerization, and multistep processing and/or reliance on external forces. First, uniform and color-tunable opal micropatterns are formed via simple evaporative deposition. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show the formation of a uniform hexagonal packing throughout the opal micropatterns. Next, the opal micropatterns are successfully transferred into gelatin-supported PD eutectogels via a simple hand-stamping technique to form opal eutectogels having uniform opal micropatterns due to the eutectogels' adhesive and mechanically resilient nature without the need for costly equipment. Photographs and dark-field optical micrographs, in combination with wavelength spectra measurements, illustrate the reliable nature of our simple evaporation-stamping method. Finally, sandwich eutectogels that fully encapsulate the opal micropatterns were produced by simply adding a secondary eutectogel layer to the top, yielding a reversible optical response to mechanical stimuli. We envision that this simple, reliable, and robust evaporation-stamping technique can be readily extended to manufacture biocompatible and user-friendly visual monitoring devices.

The design of a superior release and penetration of fipronil (FPN) and praziquantel (PZQ) drops holds significant importance in the simultaneous deworming of pets both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, the application of 1,2-propanediol, azone, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose E5 (HPMC E5) and anhydrous ethanol as osmotic promoters was investigated, with the primary objective of enhancing the drug's release and permeability. Dosages of 1,2-propanediol, azone, HPMC E5 and anhydrous ethanol were screened based on in vitro drug release and transdermal testing. The optimal prescription for the FPN and PZQ drops was obtained by using 9-11 % 1,2-propylene glycol, 69-70 % anhydrous ethanol, and 0.1-0.15 % HPMC E5. The addition of HPMC E5 can increase the in vitro cumulative release of drops and improve drug penetration into the skin. The optimal PZQ and FPN drops presented safe skin irritation, and should be stored away from strong light and high temperature.

This single-arm observational study evaluated the efficacy and safety of a novel topical formulation containing a complex mixture of polyphenols (CMP) - a proprietary blend rich in oleocanthal and oleuropein aglycone (each >60%), along with hydroxytyrosol and other extra virgin olive oil (EVOO)-derived polyphenols - combined with triticum vulgare germ (TVG) oil, betaine, propanediol, and tocopheryl acetate in patients with mild palmoplantar psoriasis (PPP). Twenty participants (aged 20-55) applied the formulation twice daily for 8 days, with assessments conducted on days 0 (baseline), 5, and 8. Participants underwent a 60-day follow-up to assess the durability of benefits and potential late-onset adverse events. Clinical evaluations measured lesion extent, keratinization, inflammation, desquamation, and infiltration. A patient-reported questionnaire evaluated quality of life (QoL) and symptom burden. By day 8, the mean lesion extent had decreased by approximately 40%, inflammation had improved by about 50%, and desquamation had resolved fully in most cases. Patient-reported outcomes improved alongside clinical measures. At day 60, these improvements persisted in 85% of participants, and no adverse events emerged. The formulation's mechanism of action is hypothesized to involve the concerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenols (oleocanthal, oleuropein aglycone, and hydroxytyrosol) in synergy with TVG oil's supportive lipid matrix and other excipients. These findings suggest that EVOO-derived polyphenols formulated in TVG oil may serve as a valuable adjunct for managing PPP with good tolerability and sustained benefits.